LANGUAGE

LANGUAGE
Is an abstract system of word meaning and all aspect of culture. It includes speech, written character, numerals, symbol, gestures and expression of non-verbal communication.

Object
- the thing which the sign stands for.
Sign
- it represents what the object is.
Interpreter
- the person who does the sign in which the sign stands for.

TERMS
In percepts "sense meaning". According to C.I. Lewis: terms in simple way is study of its use and effect of the circumstances in which people employ it or react more or less consistently.

All terms have perceptual meaning. But there are some terms do not have meaning that fall into two classes:
* grammatical term
* abstract term

All language begin on ordinary language under the process of immediate necessity of communication but not in all cases like.
* customary usage as how it is spread
* grammatical term
* declision case spread fall down

ORDINARY LANGUAGE ANALYSIS
Is the argument that any language which is adequate stands as the transmitter of nuances or differences and shades of meaning on which everyday conversation must be fluid.

THOUGHT

THOUGHT
- Act of thinking
- Which one think
- Opinions and reflection

CONCEPTS
- Are really habits of expectation
- Serves as a representations of an object
- It is idea or mental image

PERCEPTS
- View
- Reflections
- Impression

TITCHENER
- Used to report what comes into his head when he was using certain idea.
- Image theory

HUME
- Used by introspecting to discovered what the self look like.
- Bundless of perception

RYLE
- Used to asked questions about the concept.

HERACLITUS
- He recognized in perception are more or less arbitrarily carved but of the continues stuff.

PERCEPTION

PERCEPTION
- Is the process of attaining awareness or understanding of sensory information.
- Means receiving, collecting actions of taking possession with the mind or senses.

"WHAT ONE PERCEIVES IS A RESULT OF INTERPLAYS BETWEEN PAST EXPERIENCES, INCLUDING ONE'S CULTURE AND THE INTERPRETATION OF THE PERCEIVED"

FOUR KEYWORDS
Perception - Experience - Knowledge - Science

EDMUND HUSSERL
- Bracketing : This means forgetting for the time being all that one has learned in order to take an unprejudiced look at what is represented.

KNOWLEDGE

KNOWLEDGE
- Is difined expertise and skills acquired by a person through experience or education.
- Acquisition involves complex cognitive processes.
- Confident understanding of a subject with the ability to use for specific purposes.

THE FOUR MATTER OF FACTS
That something exist.
That something can be known.
That there is something which matter.
That something including the foregoing statements.

FOUR BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
Ontology or theory of being
Epistemology or theory of knowledge
Axiology or the theory of value
Logic or the theory of influence.

OTHER SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE
- Custom and tradition
- Sense perception
- Intuition

PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS

Philosophical Analysis is the general term for the process used by the philosophers in an analytic tradition that involve breaking down philosophical issues.

ANALYSIS
From the greek word "analusis" means to breakdown; is the process of breaking down topic or substance to gain a better understanding.

THREE MAIN WAYS OF FORMING ANALYSIS
1. EXPLICATION - which was so called by Carnap who worked largely in the construction of symbolic language.

2. REDEFINITION - it is associated with Moore by replacing term or statement to be analyze by other term and statement which have the same meaning with the same sort of language but which more carefully formulated and more clearly understand.

3. ILLUSTRATION - which takes the opposite point of view holding who practiced by Wittgenstein by just keeping close to multiplying use of one term to another.

TWO MAJOR CATEGORIES OF PHILOSOPHY

1.Theoretical Philosophy- direct itself to knowing things as they are without thinking of application. Its ultimate aim is knowledge of truth.

a. METAPHYSICS: It is concerned with explaining the fundamental nature of being and the world.

b. ONTOLOGY: Is the philosophical study of the nature of being, existence or reality in general, as well as the basic categories of being and their relations.

c. COSMOLOGY: Refers to the study of the Universe in its totality as it now is (or at least as it can be observed now), and by extension, humanity's place in it.

d. THEODICY: Comes from Greek theos ‘god’ + dike ‘justice’.

e. PSYCHOLOGY: Is the scientific study of human or other animal mental functions and behaviors.

f. EPISTEMOLOGY: Is the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and scope (limitations) of knowledge.

It addresses the questions:

* What is knowledge?
* How is knowledge acquired?
* What do people know?
* How do we know what we know?


2.Practical Philosophy- directs its concern to things which are material or perceptible and useful. Its goal is not just finding the truth but acting on it.

a. SEMANTICS: Is the study of meaning, usually in language.

b. LOGIC: Is the study of reasoning.

c. ETHICS: Is a branch of philosophy that addresses questions about morality—that is, concepts such as good vs. bad, noble vs. ignoble, right vs. wrong, and matters of justice, love, peace, and virtue.

d. AXIOLOGY: Is the philosophical study of value.

e. AESTHETICS: Is a branch of philosophy dealing with the nature of beauty, art, and taste, and with the creation and appreciation of beauty.

FUNCTION OF PHILOSOPHY

1. To carefully examine and criticize the premisses and conclusion of all sciences such as biology, physics, sociology, anatomy and others. and to compare this assumptions and conclusion of different sciences when the result appears to be contradictory.

2. To synthesize findings.

3. To harmonize and bring this and other sciences together to complement and/or support one another.

PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

The Philosophy of Science is concerned with the assumptions, foundations, methods and implication of science.

Science is a body of empirical,theoretical and practical knowledge about the natural world.

According to Aristotle:

Philosophy is a thinking which aim a maximum connected to the truth about all available experience.

According to Brittle:

Philosophy is a science of being in their ultimate reasons, causes and principles acquired by the aid of numerous reasons alone.


"The Ultimate Goal Of The Philosophy Is To Seek For The TRUTH"

VIEWS OF PHILOSOPHY WHICH IS SUPPLEMENTARY BY SMITH AND TILER
1. It is a personal attitude towards life and the universe.
2. A philosophy is a method of reflective thinking and reason inquiring.
3. Philosophy is attempt to gain a view of the whole.
4. Philosophy is a logical analysis of the language and clarification of the meaning of the words and concepts.
5. Philosophy is a group of problems as well as theories and the solutions of this problems.

NATURE
Science describe the object of the study part by part while Philosophy attemt yo do it as a whole or comprehensively.

SCOPE
Science tends to eliminate the personal factors and to ignore values and its drive for objectively while Philosophy interested in personality, values and or real of human experiences.

APPROACH
Science aim to absorb nature and control process while Philosophy it criticize, evaluate and integrate values dimensin of life.

PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

The philosophy of science is concerned with the assumptions, foundations, methods and implications of science. In addition to these central problems for science as a whole, many philosophers of science consider these problems as they apply to particular sciences (e.g. philosophy of biology or philosophy of physics). Some philosophers of science also use contemporary results in science to draw philosophical morals.

Although most practitioners are philosophers, several prominent scientists have contributed to the field and still do. Other prominent scientists have felt that the practical effect on their work is limited: “Philosophy of science is about as useful to scientists as ornithology is to birds,” according to physicist Richard Feynman.

Philosophy of science focuses on metaphysical, epistemic and semantic aspects of science. Ethical issues such as bioethics and scientific misconduct are usually considered ethics or science studies rather than philosophy of science.