you're my forever and always: Aug 20, 2010

Friday, August 20, 2010

ISLAMIC SCIENCE

Islamic culture is the most relevant to European Science

GREEK-----ARABIC-----LATIN-----HEBREW

The Arabic culture and language spread afar: to Portugal in the west and to the frontiers of China in the East and over many degrees of latitude.

The most characteristic Arabic Scientific developments were in:

ALCHEMY

Medieval chemical art whose principles objectives where to find the panacea and to transmute base metals into gold.

RHAZES

Makes the earliest known suggestions for furnishing a chemical laboratory.

MATH

Arabic numerals - an Indian system of numerical notation during the 19th century. It was invented in India passed through Persian to the Arabs, and was introduced in the Europe in the 10th century.
Persian Mohammed IBN Alkhwarismi is the Persian Mohammed where from. He developed the process of vectification.

ASTRONOMY AND ASTROLOGY

Constant preoccupation in the Islamic world. It was developed in Spain.
Cordova- located in Southern Spain.
Toledo- located in Central Spain.
Toledan- tables of proposition were drawn up in 1080

The Ptolemic was replaced by this concentric system.

THE URBAN REBOLUTION ( 3000 - 5000 )

A very important cultural transition began
Generated new needs and resources and accompanied by a signficant increase in a technological innovation.
the beggining of the invention of the city

CATEGORIES IN THE URBAN REVOLUTION

1. Craftsmen and Scientist - led to the search for other metallic ores, to the development and encouragement of trade in order to secure specific metals.
- rise of the first civilization

SUMMERIAN ASTRONOMERS

Plotted the motion of heavenly bodies.
Based calculations about calendar
Relationship between science and technology have emerged.

2. Copper and Bronze

Goldsmiths - the technique of heating the metal incredible over a strong fire and casting it into simple clay or stone.

Bronze - is the important material of early civilization.

3. Sea Transportation - progress from sailing ship to vessels
Irrigation - developed of systemic irrigation.

STONE AGE TEECHNOLOGY

EARLIEST COMMUNITIES

Lived almost entirely in the small nomadic communities.
surviving on his skills in hunting and fishing.
developed in tropical latitudes, especially in Africa.
moved out hence into the subtropical regions and eventually into the landmass of Eurasia.

NEOLITIC REVOLUTION

Increased in population
Bigger communities
Begginings of town life
sometimes called as Neolithic Revolution

Primitive man used: wood, bone, fur, leaves, grasses

Stone

material that gives its name and technology unity.
became tools only when they were shaped delibarately for specific purposes and for this to be done efficiently.

Flint

Became a very popular stone for this purpose, although fine sandstones and certain volcanic rocks were also widely used.

TOOLS AND WEAPONS

stone headed spear
the harpoon
bow and arrow

OTHER DEVICES INVENTED

Potter's Wheel, driven by kilks from the operator
Wheels, gave continuous rotary movement in one direction
Drill and the Lathe, derived from the bow and had the effect of spinning the drill piece.

FOOD PRODUCTION

Paleolithic, gathering fishing and hunting
Neolithic, agriculture, animal husbandry

BUILDING TECHNIQUES

Impressive structure were created
primarily tombs
burial mounds and religious edifices
sun-dried bricks for domestic housing

MANUFACTURING

Grinding corn ( Quern ) - transport and communication
Baking Clay ( Pottery)
Spinning and weaving textiles
Dyeing, fermenting and distilling
gold, silver, copper, tin
domestication of animals
dugout canoe and brick-bark canoe

SCIENCE IN GREEK AND ROMAN CIVILIZATION

A. Greek Civilization

emerged around 1100 B.C. Early Greeks have fully developed basic elements of mathematics, astronomy, physics, geography and medicine.

B. Person who give contribution on the development of science

Thales - matter was composed of /or convertible into water.
Hippocrates - father of medicine.
Aristotle - classification of plants and animals.
Archimedes - principle of lever and pulley
Ptolemy - geocentric theory

C. Roman Civilization

Time of Julius Caesar (102-44 B.C. ) - it is said that Romans are poor in science. But contributed a lot in the field of infrastructure.

D. Romans that give contributions in the field of science.

Pliny the elder - only roman scientist that is celebrated.
Galen - Wrote 150 of books on medicine.
Cleopatra - Roman Queen who used cosmetics.

Is Astrology considered as a Science?

Astrology is not considered as a science for it has been repeatedly tested and they found out that it has no mutual relationship between the movement of heavens and human lives. Some of the evidence regarding this matter that Astrology is not a Science has been disregarded by its supporters. But the truth is Astrology is really not a Science even it is sometimes related and gives us the knowledge about the natural world and human affairs. In some instance we fall in believing that Astrology is considered as a science because we can use the scientific method to make our conclusion proven. One example is we are thinking for possible answer, we can have one or more possible answers but at the end of this we found out that one is only correct, in relation with with astrology sometimes prediction of our future is considered to be a conclusion but we can only prove it if it will happen.

In science everything has been proven or based on facts or truth. But in Astrology it is only comes in predicting what will happen. Nobody knows it is correct or not. But sometimes this two are confusing, we study the superstitious belief in science but as we go deeper we learn that superstitious belief is a prediction or has no basis.

Some people blamed astrology because of its prediction in human life but the problem is, sometimes we considered astrology as the basis of our daily life. But at the end of this Astrology is still not considered as a science because it is not proven as the study of facts.

Where does the naming Milky Way for our Galaxy come from?

The name Milky Way refers to the milky patch of sky which rings the Earth. You may have seen it if you live outside of a big city, it looks almost like very tenuous clouds to the naked eye. It was named in prehistory before anyone really knew what it was, so just called the "Milky Way" for its appearance. It wasn't until Gallileo looked at an area of it with his telescope in the 1600s that it was realised that the Milky Way was made up of thousands of individual stars, and it was even later that it was realised that what we are looking at is an edge on view of our own galaxy, one of billions in the universe.

An interesting fact related to this is that the word galaxy actually comes from the Greek word, galactos for milk! The Latin version of Milky Way is Via Lactea, with "Via" meaning "Way" or "Road" and "Lactea" meaning "Milk".

What is QUASAR?

· An astronomical object that appears starlike on a photographic plate but possesses many other characteristics, such as a large redshift, that prove that it is not a star.

· The name quasar is a contraction of the term quasistellar object (QSO), which was originally applied to these objects for their photographic appearance. The objects appear starlike because their angular diameters are less than about 1 second of arc, which is the resolution limit of ground-based optical telescopes imposed by atmospheric effects.

· Quasars were discovered in 1961 when it was noticed that very strong radio emission was coming from a localized direction in the sky that coincided with the position of a starlike object. When the positions of small-angular-diameter radio sources were accurately determined, the coincidence with starlike objects on optical photographs led to the discovery of a new, hitherto-unsuspected class of objects, the quasars.

· The color of quasars is generally much bluer than that of most stars with the exception of white dwarf stars.

· The blueness of quasars as an identifying characteristic led to the discovery that many blue starlike objects have a large redshift and are therefore quasars.

THE REASON WHY SCIENCE BLOOM IN THE RENAISSANCE PERIOD

The Renaissance is a transitional period,in the work of the Renaissance all the great nations of Europe shared.The reason why they discovered lots of invention..

These is the time when in the foreground there came out the humanist striving for knowledge, the interest towards the surroundings and most of all a time of the awakened human personality, of the new versatile man. A time when many new sciences were born – ethnography, history, geography, when the freedom of thinking, of personal choice occurred, when the zeal for beauty, self-knowledge and ambition appeared. Meaning to say the people during the Renaissance period are very much curious and more interested to explore their knowledge in order to build a much better invention than before..

PASCAL'S TRIANGLE

In mathematics, Pascal's triangle is a geometric arrangement of the binomial coefficients in a triangle. It is named after the French mathematician Blaise Pascal in much of the Western world, although other mathematicians studied it centuries before him in India, Persia, China, and Italy.

The rows of Pascal's triangle are conventionally enumerated starting with row 0, and the numbers in each row are usually staggered relative to the numbers in the adjacent rows. A simple construction of the triangle proceeds in the following manner. On row 0, write only the number 1. Then, to construct the elements of following rows, add the number directly above and to the left with the number directly above and to the right to find the new value. If either the number to the right or left is not present, substitute a zero in its place. For example, the first number in the first row is 0 + 1 = 1, whereas the numbers 1 and 3 in the third row are added to produce the number 4 in the fourth row.

you're my forever and always

jesus saves

Friday, August 20, 2010

ISLAMIC SCIENCE

THE URBAN REBOLUTION ( 3000 - 5000 )

STONE AGE TEECHNOLOGY

SCIENCE IN GREEK AND ROMAN CIVILIZATION

history and philosophy of science